一级预防
避免烟草暴露(主动和被动措施)和有毒烟雾对 COPD 初级预防非常重要。
应为所有吸烟者提供戒烟干预措施,包括药物治疗和咨询。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/[53]Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al; US Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775287http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33464343?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管戒烟可能导致较轻的短期不良反应,例如体重增加和便秘,但其长期获益毋庸置疑。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/[53]Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al; US Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775287http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33464343?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Gratziou C. Respiratory, cardiovascular and other physiological consequences of smoking cessation. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Feb;25(2):535-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193001?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Aubin HJ, Farley A, Lycett D, et al. Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012 Jul 10;345:e4439.https://www.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4439http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22782848?tool=bestpractice.com
使用电子烟和电子雾化产品等电子尼古丁传送系统(electronic nicotine delivery system, ENDS)作为戒烟的辅助手段存在争议。基于现有证据和缺乏对呼吸系统健康长期影响的了解,慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议(Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, GOLD)指南的结论是,不可推荐使用 ENDS 戒烟。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/ 已有研究表明 ENDS 与严重的肺病(电子烟相关肺损伤[e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury, EVALI])相关。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/[41]Rose JJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, Exil VJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary impact of electronic cigarettes and vaping products: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Aug 22;148(8):703-28.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001160http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37458106?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Rebuli ME, Rose JJ, Noël A, et al. The e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury epidemic: pathogenesis, management, and future directions: an official American Thoracic Society Workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023 Jan;20(1):1-17.https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202209-796SThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36584985?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, et al. Vaping and lung cancer - a review of current data and recommendations. Lung Cancer. 2021 Mar;153:11-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33429159?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Herbst RS, Hatsukami D, Acton D, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: an updated policy statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Dec 10;40(35):4144-55.https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.22.01749http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36287017?tool=bestpractice.com ENDS 可含有并排放多种潜在有毒物质(如尼古丁衍生物、多环芳香烃、重金属、醛类)。[41]Rose JJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, Exil VJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary impact of electronic cigarettes and vaping products: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Aug 22;148(8):703-28.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001160http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37458106?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, et al. Vaping and lung cancer - a review of current data and recommendations. Lung Cancer. 2021 Mar;153:11-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33429159?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Herbst RS, Hatsukami D, Acton D, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: an updated policy statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Dec 10;40(35):4144-55.https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.22.01749http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36287017?tool=bestpractice.com
美国预防服务工作组(US Preventive Services Task Force, USPSTF)和 2020 年美国医事总署的报告指出,目前尚无充分的证据,无法权衡电子烟对戒烟的利弊,并建议临床医生应指导吸烟者使用食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准的戒烟药物。[53]Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al; US Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775287http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33464343?tool=bestpractice.com[59]United States Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. NBK555591. 2020 [internet publication].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555591/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32255575?tool=bestpractice.com 请参阅“戒烟(治疗路径)” 。
对于由职业暴露导致的疾病,一级预防主要是通过消除或减少工作场所的暴露实现。可以通过采取公共卫生措施来减少空气污染的危害,例如收取交通拥挤费、设置多乘员车辆车道,以及提倡步行或骑自行车。[60]Public Health England. Improving outdoor air quality and health: review of interventions. Mar 2020 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/improving-outdoor-air-quality-and-health-review-of-interventions
COVID-19 疫情期间开展观察性研究得出的新证据表明,在冬季采取屏蔽保护措施(例如佩戴口罩、减少社交接触和经常洗手)有可能降低 COPD 患者加重的风险。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/
一位医疗保健传播学教授对动机性访谈进行了概述。
演示:一位医疗保健传播学教授与患者进行关于戒烟的动机性访谈(共 2 部分,第 1 部分)。
演示:一位医疗保健传播学教授与患者进行关于戒烟的动机性访谈(共 2 部分,第 2 部分)。
二级预防
根据本地指南,患者应接种流感病毒疫苗、肺炎链球菌疫苗、百日咳疫苗、水痘带状疱疹病毒疫苗、呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗和 2019 冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)疫苗。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/[181]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended vaccines for adults: lung disease (including asthma and COPD). Sep 2023 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/health-conditions/lung-disease.html 与非 COPD 患者相比,COPD 患者因 COVID-19 而住院、入住重症监护室和死亡的风险更高。[268]Gerayeli FV, Milne S, Cheung C, et al. COPD and the risk of poor outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Mar;33:100789.https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100789http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33758801?tool=bestpractice.com[269]Bloom CI, Drake TM, Docherty AB, et al. Risk of adverse outcomes in patients with underlying respiratory conditions admitted to hospital with COVID-19: a national, multicentre prospective cohort study using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Jul;9(7):699-711.https://www.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00013-8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33676593?tool=bestpractice.com
应鼓励所有患者戒烟,并接受指导,避免职业或环境烟草烟雾暴露和其他刺激物暴露。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/[2]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. Jul 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng115 戒烟可显著降低 COPD 进展速度和恶性肿瘤风险。 戒烟还可以降低冠心病和脑血管病的风险。请参阅“戒烟” 。
维生素 D 水平<25 nmol/L 的患者补充维生素 D 可降低中度/重度急性加重率。[270]Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D to prevent exacerbations of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2019 Apr;74(4):337-45.https://thorax.bmj.com/content/74/4/337http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30630893?tool=bestpractice.com[271]Li X, He J, Yu M, et al. The efficacy of vitamin D therapy for patients with COPD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Palliat Med. 2020 Mar;9(2):286-97.https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/37487/29281http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32156131?tool=bestpractice.com 对于 COPD 加重的住院患者,应检查维生素 D 水平,如果<25 nmol/L,应进行补充。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/
冬季可考虑采取屏蔽保护措施(例如佩戴口罩、尽量减少社交接触和经常洗手),同时建立 COPD 管理,从而帮助预防 COPD 急性加重。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/
对于部分患者,可能需要补充钙和使用其他药物预防或治疗骨质疏松症,特别是长期接受皮质类固醇治疗的老年女性。为评估这种疾病的进展,可进行骨密度扫描。
对于所有COPD患者推荐进行体育活动。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/
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