病史
病史#1
一名 66 岁男性,吸烟史 47 年,每日 1 包,出现进行性加重的呼吸困难、慢性咳嗽、咳黄痰 2 年。体格检查:消瘦,中度呼吸困难(特别是步行到检查室后明显),缩唇呼吸。颈静脉轻度充盈。肺部查体发现双侧桶状胸和吸气不足,伴有中度吸气相和呼气相哮鸣音。心腹查体正常。下肢可见轻微凹陷性水肿。病史#2
一名 56 岁女性有吸烟史,因呼吸困难和咳嗽数天后曾于初级医疗保健医生处就诊。3 天前最初的症状是流涕,有晨起慢性咳嗽、咳白痰症状,2 天前加重。过去 4 年来,每到冬天有类似发作。吸烟史 40 年,每日 1~2 包,未戒烟。否认咯血、畏寒、体重下降,服用非处方止咳药后症状没有缓解。其他表现
部分患者诉称胸闷,通常于劳累后出现,可能由肋间肌收缩引发。体重下降、肌肉丢失和厌食常见于重度和极重度 COPD 患者。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/ 其他临床表现包括乏力、咯血、发绀和高碳酸血症导致的晨起头痛。胸痛和咯血是 COPD 的罕见症状,存在这些症状时应考虑其他诊断的可能性。[2]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. Jul 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng115
体格检查可能表现出低氧、辅助呼吸肌运动、肋骨矛盾运动、心音遥远、肺心病导致的下肢水肿和肝大、以及高碳酸血症导致的扑翼样震颤。
患者还可以表现出COPD并发症的症状和体征。包括重度呼吸困难、严重的吸气减少以及由于COPD急性加重或自发性气胸导致的胸痛。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/[3]Garcia-Pachon E. Paradoxical movement of the lateral rib margin (Hoover sign) for detecting obstructive airway disease. Chest. 2002 Aug;122(2):651-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12171846?tool=bestpractice.com COPD 患者往往具有其他合并症,包括心血管疾病、骨骼肌功能障碍、代谢综合征和糖尿病、骨质疏松症、抑郁、焦虑、肺癌、胃食管反流病、支气管扩张、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停和认知损害。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2024 report. 2024 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/[4]Morgan AD, Rothnie KJ, Bhaskaran K, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of 12 cardiovascular diseases: a population-based study using UK primary care data. Thorax. 2018 Sep;73(9):877-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29438071?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Maltais F, Decramer M, Casaburi R, et al; ATS/ERS Ad Hoc Committee on Limb Muscle Dysfunction in COPD. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update on limb muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 May 1;189(9):e15-62.https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.201402-0373SThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24787074?tool=bestpractice.com
一项英国研究发现,14.5% 的 COPD 患者同时被诊断为哮喘,而一项全球荟萃分析估计,COPD 患者的哮喘总体患病率为 29.6%(范围:12.6%-55.5%)。[6]Nissen F, Morales DR, Mullerova H, et al. Concomitant diagnosis of asthma and COPD: a quantitative study in UK primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2018 Nov;68(676):e775-82.https://bjgp.org/content/68/676/e775http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249612?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Hosseini M, Almasi-Hashiani A, Sepidarkish M, et al. Global prevalence of asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2019 Oct 23;20(1):229.https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-019-1198-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647021?tool=bestpractice.com
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