乳糜泻是由包括小麦、黑麦和大麦等谷物中的膳食麸质肽引发的系统性自身免疫性疾病。几乎所有乳糜泻患者都携带两种主要组织相容性复合体 II 类分子(人类白细胞抗原 [human leukocyte antigen, HLA]-DQ2 或 -DQ8)中的一种,这些分子通过递呈麸质肽来激活抗原特异性 T 细胞反应。要求 DQ2 或 DQ8(递呈麸质肽)是具有乳糜泻遗传易感性的主要因素。[15]Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, et al. Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer. J Exp Med. 1989 Jan 1;169(1):345-50.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/2909659/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2909659?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Spurkland A, Sollid LM, Polanco I, et al. HLA-DR and -DQ genotypes of celiac disease patients serologically typed to be non-DR3 or non-DR5/7. Hum Immunol. 1992 Nov;35(3):188-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1293082?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,大部分 DQ2- 或 DQ8-阳性人群尽管每天接触膳食麸质,但从未发生乳糜泻。
尚不明确其他导致对膳食麸质失去免疫耐受性的环境因素或遗传因素。据推测可能产生影响的因素包括:初始接触麸质的时机;胃肠感染,导致麸质抗原模拟的产生;或者肠上皮屏障的直接损伤,导致肠黏膜异常暴露于麸质肽。一项针对 HLA-DQ2 和 HLA-DQ8 基因型儿童的大型前瞻性出生队列研究发现,出生后的最初 5 年摄入较多的麸质会增加乳糜泻的风险。麸质摄入量较参考量每增加 1g/d,发生乳糜泻的风险也随之增加。[17]Andrén Aronsson C, Lee HS, Hård Af Segerstad EM, et al. Association of gluten intake during the first 5 years of life with incidence of celiac disease autoimmunity and celiac disease among children at increased risk. JAMA. 2019 Aug 13;322(6):514-23.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6692672/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31408136?tool=bestpractice.com其他队列研究也发现,年轻时摄入的麸质量与随后发生乳糜泻存在关联。[18]Mårild K, Dong F, Lund-Blix NA, et al. Gluten intake and risk of celiac disease: Long-term follow-up of an at-risk birth cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1307-14.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684402/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31082869?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Lund-Blix NA, Mårild K, Tapia G, et al. Gluten intake in early childhood and risk of celiac disease in childhood: a nationwide cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1299-306.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31343439?tool=bestpractice.com
肠道微生物变化与乳糜泻相关,并且乳糜泻的发生时间可能先于肠病。[20]Akobeng AK, Singh P, Kumar M, et al. Role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease and potential therapeutic implications. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Dec;59(8):3369-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/32651763/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32651763?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Olivares M, Walker AW, Capilla A, et al. Gut microbiota trajectory in early life may predict development of celiac disease. Microbiome. 2018 Feb 20;6(1):36.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/29458413/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29458413?tool=bestpractice.com 研究显示,呼肠孤病毒感染能促进对麸质的炎症免疫,并降低对麸质的口服耐受性。[22]Bouziat R, Hinterleitner R, Brown JJ, et al. Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease. Science. 2017 Apr 7;356(6333):44-50.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506690/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28386004?tool=bestpractice.com 据病例对照研究报道,在有遗传风险的儿童中,既往发生的儿童早期肠道病毒和副肠孤病毒感染与日后出现乳糜泻相关,这与病毒感染是引起乳糜泻的环境诱因这一假说相符。[23]Kahrs CR, Chuda K, Tapia G, et al. Enterovirus as trigger of coeliac disease: nested case-control study within prospective birth cohort. BMJ. 2019 Feb 13;364:l231.https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l231.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30760441?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Tapia G, Chudá K, Kahrs CR, et al. Parechovirus Infection in Early Childhood and Association With Subsequent Celiac Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Apr;116(4):788-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33982949?tool=bestpractice.com