乳糜泻具有多样化的表现,所以临床上需要高度警惕。
表现特征
对于出现不明原因胃肠道症状(包括诊断为肠易激综合征和/或消化不良)的患者、慢性腹泻患者、不明原因的缺铁性贫血患者或有皮疹(符合疱疹样皮炎表现)的患者,应该进行乳糜泻检测。[64]Ford AC, Ching E, Moayyedi P. Meta-analysis: yield of diagnostic tests for coeliac disease in dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jul;30(1):28-36.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04008.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416130?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Ford AC, Chey WD, Talley NJ, et al. Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Apr 13;169(7):651-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19364994?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Irvine AJ, Chey WD, Ford AC. Screening for celiac disease in irritable bowel syndrome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan;112(1):65-76.http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/106483/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27753436?tool=bestpractice.com
其他可能提示应进行检查的情况包括生长迟缓、身材矮小、维生素缺乏(B12、D 或叶酸)、反复发作的重度口疮性口炎、复发性自然流产和不孕不育。[67]Pastore L, Carroccio A, Compilato D, et al. Oral manifestations of celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;42(3):224-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18223505?tool=bestpractice.com
检查
检查前务必确保患者已摄入麸质,因为在无麸质饮食下,所有诊断性检查的结果通常都是正常的。
1. 血清学
应评估免疫球蛋白 A-组织型谷氨酰胺转移酶 (IgA-tTG) 的滴度。[68]van der Windt DA, Jellema P, Mulder CJ, et al. Diagnostic testing for celiac disease among patients with abdominal symptoms: a systematic review. JAMA. 2010 May 5;303(17):1738-46.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=185775http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20442390?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Lewis NR, Scott BB. Meta-analysis: deamidated gliadin peptide antibody and tissue transglutaminase antibody compared as screening tests for coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jan;31(1):73-81.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04110.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19664074?tool=bestpractice.com
IgA 定量检测通常用于评估是否为 IgA 缺乏,因为 IgA 缺乏会使 IgA-tTG 检测的敏感度降低。与普通人群相比,乳糜泻患者中 IgA 缺乏更常见。[70]Chow MA, Lebwohl B, Reilly NR, et al. Immunoglobulin A deficiency in celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Nov-Dec;46(10):850-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476042?tool=bestpractice.com
肌内膜抗体 (EMA) 是 IgA-tTG 的替代指标,但检测的费用更高。它具有更高的特异性,但敏感性较低,如果无法检测 IgA-tTG 时可以使用。[71]Lewis NR, Scott BB. Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jul 1;24(1):47-54.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02967.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16803602?tool=bestpractice.com 与 tTG 检测(一种酶联免疫吸附测定)不同,EMA 检测基于免疫荧光法的原理,所以更依赖于操作者。
对于 IgA 缺乏症患者,需要进行 IgG-脱酰胺醇溶蛋白肽 (DGP) 的血清学检测,不过该检测的诊断准确性略低于 IgA-tTG。[69]Lewis NR, Scott BB. Meta-analysis: deamidated gliadin peptide antibody and tissue transglutaminase antibody compared as screening tests for coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jan;31(1):73-81.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04110.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19664074?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Volta U, Fabbri A, Parisi C, et al. Old and new serological tests for celiac disease screening. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Feb;4(1):31-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20136587?tool=bestpractice.com DGP 血清学检测已在很大程度上取代了 IgG-tTG 血清学检测用于 IgA 缺乏的患者。
对于<2 岁且没有 IgA 缺乏症的儿童,IgA-TTG 是确诊乳糜泻的首选检测,而对于存在 IgA 缺乏症的儿童,可使用 IgG-DGP 或 IgG-tTG 作为确诊检测。[73]Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36602833?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Catassi GN, Pulvirenti A, Monachesi C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of IgA anti-transglutaminase and IgG anti-deamidated gliadin for diagnosis of celiac disease in children under two years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021 Dec 21;14(1):7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746847/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35010880?tool=bestpractice.com
应建议 IgA-tTG 水平升高的患者保持含麸质的饮食,并进行十二指肠活组织检查。
如果临床发现患者轻度疑似患有乳糜泻,而 IgA-tTG 和总 IgA 的检测结果正常,则可排除该诊断。[73]Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36602833?tool=bestpractice.com
对于临床上高度怀疑有乳糜泻的患者,即使血清学结果正常,也应进行食管胃十二指肠镜检查和十二指肠活检。[73]Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36602833?tool=bestpractice.com
2. 组织学
应建议 IgA-tTG 水平升高的患者保持含麸质的饮食,并进行十二指肠活组织检查。
对于临床高度怀疑的患者,无论 IgA-tTG 检测结果如何,均应进行小肠活检,因为 2% 的乳糜泻患者在诊断时可能不存在循环 tTG(血清反应阴性的乳糜泻)。[75]Volta U, Caio G, Boschetti E, et al. Seronegative celiac disease: shedding light on an obscure clinical entity. Dig Liver Dis. 2016 Sep;48(9):1018-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27352981?tool=bestpractice.com
对出现与乳糜泻相符的症状,且 IgA-tTG 滴度较高(高于实验室正常范围的 10 倍)的儿科患者,可继续进行确认性 EMA 检测。如果 EMA 呈阳性,可以诊断为乳糜泻,而无需进行小肠活检。[76]Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó I, et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines for diagnosing coeliac disease 2020. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020 Jan;70(1):141-56.https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2020/01000/European_Society_Paediatric_Gastroenterology,.24.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31568151?tool=bestpractice.com
一些专家建议,对于 IgA-tTG 滴度极高(高于实验室正常范围的 10 倍)且第二次血液样本呈 EMA 阳性的成人患者,可能无需进行十二指肠活检即可确诊。[77]Husby S, Murray JA, Katzka DA. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease - changing utility of serology and histologic measures: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2019 Mar;156(4):885-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6409202/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30578783?tool=bestpractice.com 对于不愿或无法接受十二指肠活检的成年人,这些标准可能被视为“事后”诊断。[73]Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36602833?tool=bestpractice.com
乳糜泻的十二指肠活检改变通常按照 Marsh-Oberhuber 标准分为 0-4 级。[78]Marsh MN. The immunopathology of small intestinal reaction in gluten-sensitivity. Immunol Invest. 1989 Jan-May;18(1-4):509-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2786501?tool=bestpractice.com 乳糜泻的诊断标准应包括上皮内淋巴细胞增加,以及绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值降低。如果只存在这些变化中的一项,则可能还会存在其他不同的诊断。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 小肠绒毛萎缩和隐窝增生的组织学检查图像来自 DA Leffler 的个人收集;获准使用 [Citation ends].
如十二指肠的组织学检查发现存在典型的乳糜泻样改变,且患者采用无麸质饮食后临床表现得到改善,则可确认诊断。在患者停止麸质饮食后,无需重复进行常规十二指肠活组织检查来验证诊断。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 显示患者接受无麸质饮食后,肠道损伤恢复后的小肠绒毛组织学图像来自 DA Leffler 的个人收集;获准使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 受乳糜泻影响的小肠绒毛照片来自 DA Leffler 的个人收集;获准使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 正常小肠绒毛的照片来自 DA Leffler 的个人收集;获准使用 [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 一名乳糜泻患者的溃疡性空肠炎胶囊内镜图来自 Amelie Therrien 的个人收集;获准使用 [Citation ends].
3. 人类白细胞抗原(HLA)分型
可用于已经坚持无麸质饮食的患者或特发性乳糜泻样肠病患者排除乳糜泻的诊断,但仅有助于特定情况下的诊断,比如血清学和组织学发现之间存在不一致时。[73]Chaudrey KH. ACG guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36602833?tool=bestpractice.com
HLA 分型可用作排除一级亲属中乳糜泻的一线筛查检测。[34]Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019 Jun;7(5):583-613.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2050640619844125?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31210940?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,在这种情况下,该检测的可用性和成本可能是限制因素。
4. 内镜检查
视频胶囊内镜检查可对整个小肠成像,并且对发现乳糜泻的肉眼特征具有高灵敏度。然而,胶囊内镜通常用于识别乳糜泻的并发症(例如,溃疡性空肠炎或淋巴瘤)。[79]Luján-Sanchis M, Pérez-Cuadrado-Robles E, García-Lledó J, et al. Role of capsule endoscopy in suspected celiac disease: a European multi-centre study. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan 28;23(4):703-11.https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v23/i4/703.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28216978?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Elli L, Casazza G, Locatelli M, et al. Use of enteroscopy for the detection of malignant and premalignant lesions of the small bowel in complicated celiac disease: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 Aug;86(2):264-73;e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28433612?tool=bestpractice.com
麸质激发试验
不能区分在评估之前采用无麸质饮食的乳糜泻患者和健康对照者。对这些患者需要进行麸质激发试验。在麸质激发试验中,患者恢复含麸质饮食,包括每天进食 3 至 10 g 含麸质饮食(2 至 5 片小麦面包),在进食含麸质饮食 2 至 8 周后进行血清学检查和小肠组织学评估。[81]Leffler DA, Schuppan D, Pallav K, et al. Kinetics of the histological, serological and symptomatic responses to gluten challenge in adults with coeliac disease. Gut. 2013 Jul;62(7):996-1004.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3525791/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22619366?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Leonard MM, Silvester JA, Leffler D, et al. Evaluating responses to gluten challenge: a randomized, double-blind, 2-dose gluten challenge trial. Gastroenterology. 2021 Feb;160(3):720-33.e8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/33130104/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33130104?tool=bestpractice.com
商品化试剂盒
对于已使用居家检测试剂盒或正在考虑使用的患者,无论检测结果如何,均应建议他们与医疗卫生专业人士讨论其症状。
用于评估乳糜泻个体风险的市售检测可检测出唾液中是否存在 HLA-DQ2 和 HLA-DQ8 基因。[83]Hearn NL, Chiu CL, Lind JM. Comparison of DNA methylation profiles from saliva in coeliac disease and non-coeliac disease individuals. BMC Med Genomics. 2020 Feb 3;13(1):16.https://bmcmedgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12920-020-0670-9http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32014011?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,英国指南建议,在非专科机构中,请勿将 HLA-DQ2 和 HLA-DQ8 检测用于乳糜泻的初始诊断。[84]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management. Sep 2015 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng20
医疗卫生专业人士应注意,患者通过自行血液检验(指尖血样检测)测得 tTG 抗体阳性后,可能会在接受医疗卫生专业人士评估之前开始无麸质饮食,从而给后续诊断检查带来困难。[85]Rashid M, Butzner JD, Warren R, et al. Home blood testing for celiac disease: recommendations for management. Can Fam Physician. 2009 Feb;55(2):151-3.https://www.cfp.ca/content/55/2/151.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221072?tool=bestpractice.com
目前正在对检测唾液中 tTG 抗体的检查方法进行研究,但没有充分的证据推荐其应用。[34]Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019 Jun;7(5):583-613.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2050640619844125?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31210940?tool=bestpractice.com