人白细胞抗原(HLA)-DR/DQ基因的多态性,尤其是HLA-DR和HLA-DQ等位基因,与1型糖尿病易感性有关。[14]Noble JA, Valdes AM. Genetics of the HLA region in the prediction of type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2011 Dec;11(6):533-42.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3233362/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912932?tool=bestpractice.com 对于易感人群,环境因素可能引发免疫介导性胰腺 β 细胞破坏。疾病患病率存在地区差异,并且全球 1 型糖尿病的发生率不断增加,这说明环境对发病有重要的促成作用,但涉及的具体因素仍不清楚。[13]Norris JM, Johnson RK, Stene LC. Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Mar;8(3):226-38.https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S2213858719304127http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31999944?tool=bestpractice.com 在病毒性因素中,人类肠道病毒与该疾病的发生最为相关。[15]Hyöty H. Viruses in type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016 Jul;17 Suppl 22:56-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27411438?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Devendra D, Liu E, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 diabetes: recent developments. BMJ. 2004 Mar 27;328(7442):750-4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC381328/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044291?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Hober D, Sauter P. Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: interplay between enterovirus and host. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010 May;6(5):279-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351698?tool=bestpractice.com 在饮食因素中,补充维生素 D 可能具有保护性。[18]Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, et al. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001 Nov 3;358(9292):1500-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705562?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Wolden-Kirk H, Overbergh L, Christesen HT, et al. Vitamin D and diabetes: its importance for beta cell and immune function. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Aug 26;347(1-2):106-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889571?tool=bestpractice.com 还需要进行更多研究,以确定牛奶、早期添加谷物或者母亲维生素 D 摄入对 1 型糖尿病风险的影响。[20]Hyytinen M, Savilahti E, Virtanen SM, et al; FInnish TRIGR Pilot Study Group. Avoidance of cow's milk-based formula for at-risk infants does not reduce development of celiac disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2017 Jul 5;153(4):961-70.e3.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(17)35862-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28687275?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Uusitalo U, Lee HS, Andrén Aronsson C, et al; TEDDY Study Group. Early infant diet and islet autoimmunity in the TEDDY Study. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 17;41(3):522-30.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/3/522.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343517?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Silvis K, Aronsson CA, Liu X, et al; TEDDY Study Group. Maternal dietary supplement use and development of islet autoimmunity in the offspring: TEDDY study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Dec 9;20(1):86-92.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pedi.12794http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30411443?tool=bestpractice.com 腹部疾病与 1 型糖尿病都具有 HLA-DQ2 基因型,但在 1 型糖尿病患者中更常见。[23]Kakleas K, Karayianni C, Critselis E, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for coeliac disease among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010 Nov;90(2):202-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832887?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Hagopian W, Lee HS, Liu E, et al; TEDDY Study Group. Co-occurrence of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease autoimmunity. Pediatrics. 2017 Oct 10;140(5):e20171305.https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/5/e20171305.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29018046?tool=bestpractice.com 1型糖尿病的发生率可能比乳糜泻发生率高,虽然两者之间并无因果关系。[25]Ludvigsson JF, Ludvigsson J, Ekbom A, et al. Celiac disease and risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes: a general population cohort study of children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2483-8.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/11/2483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17065689?tool=bestpractice.com