监测
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, NICE)建议的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)目标水平为 ≤48 mmol/mol(6.5%)。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18
对于一些患者群体,包括幼儿和老年人群,以及有严重低血糖病史、预期寿命有限、有晚期微血管或大血管并发症或者有合并症的患者,这一目标可适当放宽。[45]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(suppl 1):S1-S232.https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/44/Supplement_1
如果患者为儿童或青少年,应意识到严苛的目标可能会导致苦恼情绪和/或与家人或照护者发生冲突,双方可能需要达成妥协。[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18
如果患者为成人,应考虑到患者日常活动、意愿、并发症可能性、合并症、职业和低血糖病史等因素,与其商定个体化 HbA1c 目标。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
应至少按以下频率测定 HbA1c 水平:
对于 18 岁以下儿童和青少年患者,每 3 个月一次[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18
对于成人患者,每 3-6 个月一次。[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18
监测:
在诊断时检测甲状腺病,此后每年检测一次[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
眼部健康:
建议 18 岁以下儿童和青少年每 2 年由配镜师进行一次眼科检查[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18
对于成人,每年进行一次结构化眼部筛查[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
从 12 岁开始每年进行一次糖尿病视网膜病变筛查[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
从 12 岁开始每年检测一次是否存在尿白蛋白中度升高(白蛋白 : 肌酐比 [ACR] 3–30 mg/mmol;“微量白蛋白尿”),以识别糖尿病肾病;使用清晨的尿液样本进行该检测。[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17 送检尿样,进行 ACR 估算(仅估算尿白蛋白浓度不是一种良好替代选择),并同时测定 eGFR。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
从 12 岁开始每年测量一次血压[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
对于糖尿病足问题发生风险低的人群,每年检测一次足部健康[146]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. January 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng19
对于存在糖尿病足问题中或高发生风险的人群,应转诊至当地足部保护服务机构[146]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. January 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng19
请参阅“糖尿病足并发症”专题
对于成人,每年进行一次心血管危险因素检查,包括估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)和尿液 ACR、吸烟、血糖控制、血压、全套血脂水平、年龄、心血管疾病家族史以及腹壁多脂症[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
在诊断时检测乳糜泻[147]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management. September 2015 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng20
告知乳糜泻检测呈阴性的人,乳糜泻可能会出现各种各样的症状,如果出现或持续出现任何令人担忧的症状,应咨询医疗卫生专业人士。
建议患者定期进行牙科检查。[34]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng18
对于存在以下情况的 1 型糖尿病患者,需警惕神经性贪食、神经性厌食和进食障碍的可能性:[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
过度关注体形和体重
低 BMI
低血糖
整体血糖控制欠佳。
对于有进食障碍的 1 型糖尿病患者,考虑尽早(或如果需要,紧急)转诊至当地进食障碍服务机构。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
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