一级预防
最重要的肾结石预防措施是充分补液。[29]Agarwal MM, Singh SK, Mavuduru R, et al. Preventive fluid and dietary therapy for urolithiasis: An appraisal of strength, controversies and lacunae of current literature. Indian J Urol. 2011 Jul;27(3):310-9.https://www.doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.85423http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22022052?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Borghi L, Meschi T, Schianchi T, et al. Urine volume: stone risk factor and preventive measure. Nephron. 1999;8(suppl 1):31-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9873212?tool=bestpractice.com 成人每日液体摄入量至少应为 2-3 升,儿童应为 1-2 升。[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118 饮食因素(包括减少钠的摄入但维持钙的正常摄入)也很重要。[31]Türk C, Neisius A, Petrik A, et al. European Association of Urology. Urolithiasis. 2020 [internet publication].https://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis/[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118此外建议达到并保持健康的体重指数(body mass index, BMI)。[31]Türk C, Neisius A, Petrik A, et al. European Association of Urology. Urolithiasis. 2020 [internet publication].https://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis/
二级预防
长期坚持调整饮食和生活方式对预防将来发生结石至关重要。
应注意各种食物平衡食用,不要偏食。[31]Türk C, Neisius A, Petrik A, et al. European Association of Urology. Urolithiasis. 2020 [internet publication].https://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis/
建议患者(及其家人或照护者,视情况而定)采取以下措施:
成人每天饮水 2.5-3 升,儿童每天饮水 1-2 升[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118
患者应尽量保持每日尿量超过 2 升。[74]Bao Y, Tu X, Wei Q. Water for preventing urinary stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Feb 11;2:CD004292.https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004292.pub4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32045491?tool=bestpractice.com
在饮用水中添加新鲜柠檬汁[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118
柠檬汁中的枸橼酸盐含量高,可升高尿液枸橼酸盐水平,从而可能阻止钙与其他结石成分结合,因此可预防结石形成和复发。[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118
不限制钙的摄入量,并保持成人每天 700-1200 mg、儿童和青少年每天 350-1000 mg(视年龄而定)的正常钙摄入量[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118
仅在限钙理由非常充分时才限制患者的钙摄入量。
这样有助于预防结石复发。[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118 限制饮食来源的钙会减少钙与草酸盐在消化道内的结合,促发高草酸尿症并可能增加结石形成风险;而且可能会损害骨骼健康。
成人每日摄盐量不得超过 6 g,儿童和青少年每日摄盐量为 2-6 g(具体视年龄而定)[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118
摄入大量的钠后,近端肾小管对钙的重吸收会下降,导致高钙尿症。而尿枸橼酸盐水平下降。因此形成尿酸钠晶体的风险增高,高钠摄入会抵消噻嗪类药物降低尿钙的作用。
多吃水果、蔬菜和纤维。[31]Türk C, Neisius A, Petrik A, et al. European Association of Urology. Urolithiasis. 2020 [internet publication].https://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis/
水果和蔬菜含有对人体有益的膳食纤维,应鼓励患者多摄入。
素食中的碱性物质也会带来有益的尿 pH 值增加。
鼓励患者践行健康生活方式(包括坚持体力活动),达到并保持健康体重。[48]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Preventing excess weight gain. March 2015 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng7
在代谢专科诊所,可针对特定患者人群(根据所形成结石的类型)提出额外饮食建议。
如果存在特定代谢异常,除了饮食调整之外,可能还需予以个性化预防治疗。[31]Türk C, Neisius A, Petrik A, et al. European Association of Urology. Urolithiasis. 2020 [internet publication].https://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis/[75]Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al.; American Urological Association. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014 Aug;192(2):316-24.http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(14)03532-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857648?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Gambaro G, Croppi E, Coe F, et al; Consensus Conference Group. Metabolic diagnosis and medical prevention of calcium nephrolithiasis and its systemic manifestations: a consensus statement. J Nephrol. 2016 Dec;29(6):715-34.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5080344/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27456839?tool=bestpractice.com 这些患者需在代谢专科诊所接受管理,专科医生会为他们提供个体化的治疗建议和干预措施。此类异常及建议干预措施包括:
尿酸结石:采用枸缘酸钾或碳酸氢钠进行尿液碱化。[31]Türk C, Neisius A, Petrik A, et al. European Association of Urology. Urolithiasis. 2020 [internet publication].https://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis/
高钙尿症和草酸钙含量超过 50% 的复发性结石:噻嗪类利尿剂联用或不联用枸橼酸钾(先让患者将每日钠摄入量限制在 6 g 以内)[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118
低枸橼酸尿症和草酸钙含量超过 50% 的复发性结石:尿液碱化(例如枸缘酸钾);如果患者存在高钾血症风险,可考虑使用碳酸氢钠或枸橼酸钠。[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng118[76]Gambaro G, Croppi E, Coe F, et al; Consensus Conference Group. Metabolic diagnosis and medical prevention of calcium nephrolithiasis and its systemic manifestations: a consensus statement. J Nephrol. 2016 Dec;29(6):715-34.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5080344/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27456839?tool=bestpractice.com
高草酸尿症:草酸盐螯合剂(例如钙、镁或 colestyramine)、枸缘酸钾、吡哆醇;一种罕见疾病
胱氨酸尿:大量摄入液体并用枸缘酸钾碱化尿液,或使用硫醇结合剂(例如硫普罗宁,其耐受性优于 D-青霉胺);一种需要终生治疗的遗传异常。
以上大多数措施可以用于肾结石患儿中,但针对这一年龄组设计良好的临床试验数量有限。[77]Kern A, Grimsby G, Mayo H, et al. Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(11):CD011252.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011252.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117629?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Barreto L, Jung JH, Abdelrahim A, et al. Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(6):CD010784.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010784.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29859007?tool=bestpractice.com
内容使用需遵循免责声明。