据估计,肾结石终身患病率约为 10%。[3]Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, et al. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012 Jul;62(1):160-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362665/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498635?tool=bestpractice.com 罹患结石的概率因年龄、性别、种族、地理位置而异。[3]Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, et al. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012 Jul;62(1):160-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362665/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498635?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, et al. Epidemiology of stone disease across the world. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213860?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Liu Y, Chen Y, Liao B, et al. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia. Asian J Urol. 2018 Oct;5(4):205-214.https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2018.08.007http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30364478?tool=bestpractice.com 通常成年男性罹患肾结石几率高于成年女性;但有证据表明,这种男女之间发病率的差异正在减小。[4]Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, et al. Epidemiology of stone disease across the world. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213860?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国男性中,肾结石患病率最高者为男性白种人,其次为西班牙裔男性、非西班牙裔男性和男性黑种人。[3]Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, et al. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012 Jul;62(1):160-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362665/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498635?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,与白人相比,在黑人中结石的发病率增长得更快,特别是在黑人女性中(相对于男性)。[6]Tasian GE, Ross ME, Song L, et al. Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Mar 7;11(3):488-96.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791823/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26769765?tool=bestpractice.com 历史上,结石在 20 岁以前相对少见,但儿童和青少年中结石的发病率正在增高。[6]Tasian GE, Ross ME, Song L, et al. Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Mar 7;11(3):488-96.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791823/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26769765?tool=bestpractice.com 成人结石发病率峰值在 40-50 岁。[7]Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol. 2010 Spring;12(2-3):e86-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811557?tool=bestpractice.com
山区、沙漠或热带地区等炎热、荒芜或干燥气候下患病率较高。[4]Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, et al. Epidemiology of stone disease across the world. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213860?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Fakheri RJ, Goldfarb DS. Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: implications of global warming. Kidney Int. 2011 Jun;79(11):1178-85.https://www.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.76http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451456?tool=bestpractice.com 全球结石高发地区包括:美国、英国、斯堪的纳维亚半岛和地中海国家、印度北部和巴基斯坦、北澳大利亚、中欧、马来半岛部分地区和中国。[4]Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, et al. Epidemiology of stone disease across the world. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213860?tool=bestpractice.com热暴露和脱水是肾结石的危险因素。男性和女性的肾结石患病率和新发病风险都与 2 型糖尿病、肥胖及多脂症变量(包括腰围增大、BMI 升高)直接相关,但女性中的相关程度高于男性。[9]Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Body size and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Sep;9(9):1645-52.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/reprint/9/9/1645http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727373?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA. 2005 Jan 26;293(4):455-62.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/4/455http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671430?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Norat T, et al. Body fatness, diabetes, physical activity and risk of kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018 Nov;33(11):1033-47.https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0426-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30066054?tool=bestpractice.com