利用血液检验结果,并结合病史和体格检查,通过评分系统(AIR、AAS 或 Alvarado)对患者进行风险分层;分层结果可以确定是否需要影像学检查。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com 参阅上文风险分层。
血液检测
要求所有患者检测全血细胞计数和 C 反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)。[27]Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide: emergency general surgery (acute abdominal pain). April 2014 [internet publication].https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/rcs-publications/docs/emergency-general-guide/
80%-90% 的阑尾炎患者表现为白细胞增多(10-18 x 10/L)伴中性粒细胞增多。[29]Humes DJ, Simpson J. Acute appendicitis. BMJ. 2006 Sep 9;333(7567):530-4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1562475/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960208?tool=bestpractice.com
C 反应蛋白可能会升高。[9]Benabbas R, Hanna M, Shah J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and point-of-care ultrasound for pediatric acute appendicitis in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2017 May;24(5):523-51.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acem.13181http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28214369?tool=bestpractice.com
对于儿童,入院时 CRP 水平升高(≥10 mg/L)和白细胞增多(≥16 x 10/L)是阑尾炎的强预测因素。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑对手术患者进行血型鉴定配对及备血。[27]Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide: emergency general surgery (acute abdominal pain). April 2014 [internet publication].https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/rcs-publications/docs/emergency-general-guide/
实用小贴士
症状发作后 5-24 小时内可见 WBC 升高,而只有在患者的症状存在 >12 小时才可观察到 CRP 升高。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide: emergency general surgery (acute abdominal pain). April 2014 [internet publication].https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/rcs-publications/docs/emergency-general-guide/[50]van Tol RR, Breukink SO, Lahaye MJ, et al. Inclusion of C-reactive protein and white blood cell count in diagnostic workup of patients with clinically suspected appendicitis stratifies for imaging. J Med Diagn Meth 2016;5:2.https://www.longdom.org/open-access/inclusion-of-creactive-protein-and-white-blood-cell-count-in-diagnosticworkup-of-patients-with-clinically-suspected-appendicitis-s-2168-9784-1000212.pdf
证据:血液检验
血液检验结合临床评估,对诊断阑尾炎较敏感。
在急性阑尾炎疑似患者中,WBC 升高合并 CRP 升高可支持诊断,灵敏度高于 95%。[27]Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide: emergency general surgery (acute abdominal pain). April 2014 [internet publication].https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/rcs-publications/docs/emergency-general-guide/
相比 WBC 升高,CRP 升高的特异性略高。[51]Andersson RE. Meta-analysis of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Br J Surg. 2004 Jan;91(1):28-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716790?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查
考虑对中等风险患者进行影像学检查和观察。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
年龄 >40 岁的高风险患者也应在手术前接受影像学检查。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
并非总是需要影像学检查。
年龄 <40 岁且有明显阑尾炎症状和征象的高风险患者可直接进行手术而无需影像学检查。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,应查阅当地常规,因为在实践中存在差异。
对于低风险患者,只要有合适的安全保障,无需进行影像学诊断就可以安全出院。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
如果需要影像学检查,请寻求放射科医师意见,以确定适合患者的最佳影像学检查。
超声检查
如果担心辐射风险,可进行超声检查;应将其用作孕妇和儿童的一线检查。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide: emergency general surgery (acute abdominal pain). April 2014 [internet publication].https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/rcs-publications/docs/emergency-general-guide/[52]Bendeck SE, Nino-Murcia M, Berry GJ, et al. Imaging for suspected appendicitis: negative appendectomy and perforation rates. Radiology. 2002 Oct;225(1):131-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354996?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Bachur RG, Callahan MJ, Monuteaux MC, et al. Integration of ultrasound findings and a clinical score in the diagnostic evaluation of pediatric appendicitis. J Pediatr. 2015 May;166(5):1134-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25708690?tool=bestpractice.com 这是一项快速检查,可在床旁进行。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com 查阅当地常规,因为各指南在超声使用方面的建议有所不同。
如果可见全长的正常阑尾,则可以排除急性阑尾炎。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com[30]American College of Emergency Physicians Clinical Policies Subcommittee (Writing Committee) on Appendicitis, Diercks DB, Adkins EJ, et al. Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of emergency department patients with suspected appendicitis: approved by ACEP Board of Directors February 1, 2023. Ann Emerg Med. 2023 Jun;81(6):e115-52.https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(23)00029-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37210169?tool=bestpractice.com
超声还可用于检测腹痛的其他原因(例如妇科疾病)。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide: emergency general surgery (acute abdominal pain). April 2014 [internet publication].https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/rcs-publications/docs/emergency-general-guide/
超声检查无法明确诊断时,可对孕妇进行磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)检查。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Basaran A, Basaran M. Diagnosis of acute appendicitis during pregnancy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2009 Jul;64(7):481-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19545456?tool=bestpractice.com 事实证明,磁共振成像是诊断急性阑尾炎的高度准确检查方法,在孕妇中,其灵敏性性为 0.96,特异性为 0.97。[55]D'Souza N, Hicks G, Beable R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 14;12(12):CD012028.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012028.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34905621?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,阴性或不明确的 MRI 结果并不能排除阑尾炎,如果临床仍高度怀疑,应考虑进行手术。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com 对于儿童,如果诊断存疑,且超声结果不确定,应根据当地医疗资源和专业能力,选择进行二线影像学检查(计算机体层成像或 MRI 检查)。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
腹部计算机体层成像(CT)
对于以下情况,可考虑增强 CT 扫描:[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
超声无法明确诊断,临床仍怀疑为阑尾炎[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
如果超声阴性,则首选低剂量 CT。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
您怀疑恶性肿瘤[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
您怀疑阑尾肿块或脓肿。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
阳性 CT 扫描结果显示阑尾壁增粗、管壁增厚、周围组织炎性改变。[56]Choi D, Park H, Lee YR, et al. The most useful finding for the diagnosing acute appendicitis on contrast-enhanced helical CT. Acta Radiol. 2003 Nov;44(6):574-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616200?tool=bestpractice.com[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 腹部 CT:增厚的阑尾Nasim Ahmed, MBBS, FACS;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
证据:关于影像学检查对急性阑尾炎诊断作用的争议
如果需要影像学检查,请与放射科医师讨论,以确定适合患者的最佳影像学方法。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com影像学检查的使用在不同国家和机构存在明显差异。
与超声相比,CT 敏感性和特异性更高,并可能降低正常阑尾误切率。[31]Bhangu A; RIFT Study Group on behalf of the West Midlands Research Collaborative. Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis. Br J Surg. 2020 Jan;107(1):73-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6972511/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31797357?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Dahabreh IJ, Adam GP, Halladay CW, et al. Diagnosis of right lower quadrant pain and suspected acute appendicitis. In: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). AHRQ Comparative effectiveness reviews report no. 15(16)-EHC025-EF. 2015. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK355441/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27054223?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Terasawa T, Blackmore CC, Bent S, et al. Systematic review: computed tomography and ultrasonography to detect acute appendicitis in adults and adolescents. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Oct 5;141(7):537-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466771?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,其使用可能取决于当地资源情况以及患者是否愿意暴露于电离辐射。
超声在识别急性阑尾炎方面的灵敏度为 71%-94%,特异度为 60%-98%;如果超声明确显示阑尾炎阳性,则超声在诊断阑尾炎方面的准确性可与 CT 或 MRI 阳性相媲美。[13]Gorter RR, Eker HH, Gorter-Stam MA, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis: EAES consensus development conference 2015. Surg Endosc. 2016 Nov;30(11):4668-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5082605/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27660247?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Fu J, Zhou X, Chen L, et al. Abdominal ultrasound and its diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing acute appendicitis: a meta-analysis. Front Surg. 2021;8:707160.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8273278/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34262936?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项基于英国大型数据集的研究(于 2020 年发布)中,使用超声成像诊断阑尾炎的效果在男性和女性中均较差(女性:灵敏度 36%,假阴性率 8·4%;男性:灵敏度 38%,假阴性率 18.8%)。[31]Bhangu A; RIFT Study Group on behalf of the West Midlands Research Collaborative. Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis. Br J Surg. 2020 Jan;107(1):73-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6972511/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31797357?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 Cochrane 系统评价(研究日期为 2017 年 6 月)根据 64 项研究中的 71 组独立研究人群评估了 CT 诊断的准确性。灵敏度为 95%(95% CI 93%-96%),特异度为 94%(95% CI 92%-95%)。[60]Rud B, Vejborg TS, Rappeport ED, et al. Computed tomography for diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 19;2019(11):CD009977.https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009977.pub2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31743429?tool=bestpractice.com
增强 CT 的灵敏度为 92%,相比之下,未静脉输注造影剂的 CT 平扫的灵敏度为 95%(无统计显著性)。[61]Hlibczuk V, Dattaro JA, Jin Z, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of noncontrast computed tomography for appendicitis in adults: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Jan;55(1):51-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19733421?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Wei B, Qi CL, Chen TF, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for acute appendicitis: a metaanalysis. Surg Endosc. 2011 Apr;25(4):1199-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848140?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Arruzza E, Milanese S, Li LSK, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography and ultrasound for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiography (Lond). 2022 Nov;28(4):1127-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36130469?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,CT 平扫与增强 CT 的诊断效力相当。[64]Anderson BA, Salem L, Flum DR. A systematic review of whether oral contrast is necessary for the computed tomography diagnosis of appendicitis in adults. Am J Surg. 2005 Sep;190(3):474-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16105539?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查的使用在欧洲和美国有所不同。
在欧洲,超声在急性阑尾炎诊断方面应用地越来越广泛。然而,具有典型阑尾炎症状和征象的年轻男性通常直接行手术而未接受影像学检查,这可能会增加阑尾误切率。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
英国的一项大型研究(于 2020 年发布)发现,有 73%(2638/3613)的女性患者术前进行了影像学检查。绝大多数患者接受了超声检查(2289/3613,63%),进行了 CT 检查的仅占 15%(547/3613)。[31]Bhangu A; RIFT Study Group on behalf of the West Midlands Research Collaborative. Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis. Br J Surg. 2020 Jan;107(1):73-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6972511/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31797357?tool=bestpractice.com
相比之下,男性患者术前接受影像学检查的只有 36%(627/1732)(超声 16% [276/1732];CT 23% [398/1732])。[31]Bhangu A; RIFT Study Group on behalf of the West Midlands Research Collaborative. Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis. Br J Surg. 2020 Jan;107(1):73-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6972511/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31797357?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,常见做法是,对所有非妊娠成人进行 CT 扫描,以确诊阑尾炎。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
其他指南的建议存在差异。
世界急诊外科学会 2020 版指南建议结合临床参数(初始评估和临床评分)和超声成像来提高诊断敏感性和特异性,并减少 CT 扫描的需求。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
欧洲内镜外科协会 2015 版共识声明建议对任何 Alvarado 评分偏高或中等(≥4)的患者使用超声。CT 或 MRI 扫描仅用于无法通过超声检查明确诊断的患者。[13]Gorter RR, Eker HH, Gorter-Stam MA, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis: EAES consensus development conference 2015. Surg Endosc. 2016 Nov;30(11):4668-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5082605/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27660247?tool=bestpractice.com
大不列颠及爱尔兰外科医师协会在其 2014 版使用指南中建议,应对疑似阑尾炎且白细胞和 C 反应蛋白升高的所有患者进行影像学或腹腔镜检查。[27]Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide: emergency general surgery (acute abdominal pain). April 2014 [internet publication].https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/rcs-publications/docs/emergency-general-guide/