诊断标准
对于成人,应使用评分系统确定阑尾炎的可能性或排除该诊断,从而指导进一步辅助检查和管理。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
使用阑尾炎炎症反应(Appendicitis Inflammatory Response, AIR)或成人阑尾炎评分(Adult Appendicitis Score, AAS)来确定患者罹患阑尾炎的风险是偏高、中等,还是偏低。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
年龄 <40 岁且有明显阑尾炎症状和征象的高风险患者可直接进行手术而无需影像学检查。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,应查阅当地常规,因为在实践中存在差异。
中等风险患者可接受进一步影像学检查和观察。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
对于低风险患者,只要有合适的安全保障,无需进行影像学诊断就可以安全出院。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
Alvarado 评分可用于排除阑尾炎,但不可用于确定阑尾炎诊断;因其特异性还不足以明确诊断。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
所有评分系统都需要结合病史、体格检查和实验室检查结果。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
由于在老年患者群体中使用的证据有限,这些评分系统不应取代横断面成像来诊断老年阑尾炎。[4]Antoniou SA, Mavridis D, Kontouli KM, et al. EAES rapid guideline: appendicitis in the elderly. Surg Endosc. 2021 Jul;35(7):3233-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33999255?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Fugazzola P, Ceresoli M, Agnoletti V, et al. The SIFIPAC/WSES/SICG/SIMEU guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis in the elderly (2019 edition). World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Mar 10;15(1):19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7063712/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32156296?tool=bestpractice.com
对于儿童,不应仅凭临床评分便诊断为阑尾炎。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com儿童通常存在非典型临床特征,因此获得可靠病史可能较为困难。临床评分是排除儿童急性阑尾炎的有用工具。儿童急性阑尾炎的诊断应基于临床怀疑、血液检验,以及必要时的影像学检查(参阅辅助检查章节)。
使用下表来计算患者的分数,具体取决于您使用的评分系统:[40]de Castro SM, Ünlü C, Steller EP, et al. Evaluation of the appendicitis inflammatory response score for patients with acute appendicitis. World J Surg. 2012 Jul;36(7):1540-5.https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-012-1521-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22447205?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Sammalkorpi HE, Mentula P, Savolainen H, et al. The introduction of Adult Appendicitis Score reduced negative appendectomy rate. Scand J Surg. 2017 Sep;106(3):196-201.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1457496916683099http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737110?tool=bestpractice.com
AIR[40]de Castro SM, Ünlü C, Steller EP, et al. Evaluation of the appendicitis inflammatory response score for patients with acute appendicitis. World J Surg. 2012 Jul;36(7):1540-5.https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-012-1521-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22447205?tool=bestpractice.com | AAS[41]Sammalkorpi HE, Mentula P, Savolainen H, et al. The introduction of Adult Appendicitis Score reduced negative appendectomy rate. Scand J Surg. 2017 Sep;106(3):196-201.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1457496916683099http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737110?tool=bestpractice.com | Alvarado*[40]de Castro SM, Ünlü C, Steller EP, et al. Evaluation of the appendicitis inflammatory response score for patients with acute appendicitis. World J Surg. 2012 Jul;36(7):1540-5.https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-012-1521-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22447205?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Tan WJ, Acharyya S, Goh YC, et al. Prospective comparison of the Alvarado score and CT scan in the evaluation of suspected appendicitis: a proposed algorithm to guide CT use. J Am Coll Surg. 2015 Feb;220(2):218-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25488354?tool=bestpractice.com | PAS*[43]Samuel M. Pediatric appendicitis score. J Pediatr Surg. 2002 Jun;37(6):877-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12037754?tool=bestpractice.com | |
---|---|---|---|---|
病史 | ||||
呕吐 | 1 分 | N/A | 呕吐或恶心 1 分 | 呕吐或恶心 1 分 |
厌食 | N/A | N/A | 1 分 | 1 分 |
右下腹痛 | 1 分 | 2 分 | 2 分 | N/A |
转移性右下腹痛 | N/A | 2 分 | 1 分 | 1 分 |
查体 | ||||
右下腹压痛 | N/A |
| N/A | 咳嗽、叩诊或跳跃时出现右下腹压痛,2 分 |
右髂窝压痛 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2 分 |
反跳痛或肌卫 |
|
| 1 分 | N/A |
发热 | >38.5℃:1 分 | N/A | >37.3℃:1 分 | >38.0℃:1 分 |
血液检验结果 | ||||
白细胞增多,核左移 | N/A | N/A | 1 分 | N/A |
中性粒细胞比例 |
|
| N/A | N/A |
中性粒细胞绝对计数 | N/A | N/A | N/A | >7500:1 分 |
白细胞计数(× 10/L) |
|
|
|
|
C 反应蛋白(mg/L) |
| 症状持续时间 <24 小时
症状持续时间 >24 小时
| N/A | N/A |
将患者总分加起来,计算阑尾炎的风险,如下所示:[40]de Castro SM, Ünlü C, Steller EP, et al. Evaluation of the appendicitis inflammatory response score for patients with acute appendicitis. World J Surg. 2012 Jul;36(7):1540-5.https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-012-1521-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22447205?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Sammalkorpi HE, Mentula P, Savolainen H, et al. The introduction of Adult Appendicitis Score reduced negative appendectomy rate. Scand J Surg. 2017 Sep;106(3):196-201.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1457496916683099http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737110?tool=bestpractice.com
高风险
AIR:9-12 分
AAS:≥16 分
Alvarado:9-10 分
PAS:≥7 分
中等风险
AIR:5-8 分
AAS:11-15 分
Alvarado:5-8 分
PAS:4-6 分
低风险
AIR:0-4 分
AAS:0-10 分
Alvarado:0-4 分
PAS:<4 分
*对于儿童,不应仅凭临床评分便诊断为阑尾炎。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com儿童通常存在非典型临床特征,因此获得可靠病史可能较为困难。临床评分是排除儿童急性阑尾炎的有用工具。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com
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