病史
病史#1
一名 22 岁的男性患者到急诊室就诊,诉腹痛、厌食、恶心和低热。疼痛于 6 小时前起始于中腹部,现位于右下腹。疼痛性质稳定,咳嗽时加重。体格检查示低热(38℃ [100.5℉]),右下腹触诊有压痛(麦氏点压痛),化验示白细胞增多(12 x 10/L 或 12,000/μL),中性粒细胞百分比为 85%。
病史#2
一位 12 岁的女童突发剧烈全腹痛伴恶心、呕吐和腹泻。查体一般情况欠佳,体温40℃ (104℉),腹肌紧张伴广泛性压痛和肌卫,无肠鸣音。
其他表现
非典型的阑尾解剖结构,例如位于盲肠后位或阑尾较长,可伴有背部、髋部或左腹部疼痛,可能与其他腹内诊断相混淆。老年患者出现典型症状的可能性更小。[3]Lapsa S, Ozolins A, Strumfa I, et al. Acute appendicitis in the elderly: a literature review on an increasingly frequent surgical problem. Geriatrics (Basel). 2021 Sep 18;6(3):93.https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3417/6/3/93http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34562994?tool=bestpractice.com 此类患者临床表现或诊断的延误将导致发生并发症和死亡的风险升高。[3]Lapsa S, Ozolins A, Strumfa I, et al. Acute appendicitis in the elderly: a literature review on an increasingly frequent surgical problem. Geriatrics (Basel). 2021 Sep 18;6(3):93.https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3417/6/3/93http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34562994?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Antoniou SA, Mavridis D, Kontouli KM, et al. EAES rapid guideline: appendicitis in the elderly. Surg Endosc. 2021 Jul;35(7):3233-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33999255?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Fugazzola P, Ceresoli M, Agnoletti V, et al. The SIFIPAC/WSES/SICG/SIMEU guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis in the elderly (2019 edition). World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Mar 10;15(1):19.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7063712/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32156296?tool=bestpractice.com 妊娠期急性阑尾炎的诊断经常被延误,原因在于疼痛位置因子宫增大使阑尾移位而受到影响,而且恶心、呕吐等症状经常被认为是由妊娠本身导致。[6]Andersen B, Nielsen TF. Appendicitis in pregnancy: diagnosis, management and complications. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999 Oct;78(9):758-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10535336?tool=bestpractice.com
急性阑尾炎是儿童中最常见的外科急症,但由于其临床特征不典型,以及难以获得可靠的病史和体格检查结果,早期诊断仍具有挑战性。[7]Di Saverio S, Podda M, de Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr 15;15(1):27.https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295644?tool=bestpractice.com 患儿可表现为非特异性腹痛、厌食和呕吐。[8]Davenport M. Acute abdominal pain in children. BMJ. 1996 Feb 24;312(7029):498-501.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2349926/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8597689?tool=bestpractice.com 咳嗽或跳跃时出现疼痛对诊断具有提示意义。[9]Benabbas R, Hanna M, Shah J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and point-of-care ultrasound for pediatric acute appendicitis in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2017 May;24(5):523-51.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acem.13181http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28214369?tool=bestpractice.com
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