治疗流程
请注意药品名称和品牌、药品处方或地区之间的配方/用药途径和剂量可能有所不同。治疗建议针对患者特定群体提出:查看免责声明
神经根型颈椎病(CSR)
退行性脊髓型颈椎病(DCM)
物理疗法是轴性颈椎痛的一线治疗方法,此类疼痛是机械性疼痛或肌肉骨骼性疼痛。[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com 向患者提供体位、睡眠姿势、日常活动、工作和爱好、伸展运动、活动练习以及头颈部和肩部练习等方面的建议,可能有益。[40]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002 Nov 1;27(21):2383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 28;(1):CD004250.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629215?tool=bestpractice.com
红外线加热治疗以及经皮神经电刺激(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, TENS)也可能有益,但缺乏高质量证据。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Martimbianco ALC, Porfírio GJ, Pacheco RL, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 12;(12):CD011927.https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011927.pub2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31830313?tool=bestpractice.com
颈椎手法治疗可伴有严重的神经并发症。[43]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006408.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Malone D, Baldwin NG, Tomecek FJ, et al. Complications of cervical spine manipulation therapy: 5-year retrospective study in a single-group practice. Neurosurg Focus. 2002 Dec 15;13(6):ecp1.https://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/foc.2002.13.6.8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15766233?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管物理疗法在前 6 周最有效,但其也可根据需求,继续间歇性地用于治疗疼痛加重或者慢性疼痛持续大于 6 周的患者。
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
非甾体类抗炎药物可作为机械性颈部痛物理治疗的补充治疗。[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hegmann KT. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM); 2011.
不同非甾体类抗炎药物之间的临床疗效无差别,但是许多患者对某种药物的耐受程度要好于其他药物,或者个体有选择哪种药物的意愿。
所有 NSAID 均可引起胃刺激。通过抗溃疡药物或者随餐服用药物可部分减轻该反应。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
布洛芬 : 300-400 mg,口服,需要时每 6-8 小时一次,每日最大剂量不超过 2400 mg
或
萘普生 : 250-500 mg,口服,需要时每日两次,每日最大剂量不超过 1250 mg
或
双氯芬酸钾 : 50 mg(速释型),口服,需要时每日 2-3 次
或
双氯芬酸钠 : 100 mg(缓释型),口服,需要时每日一次
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
由于颈部肌肉痉挛是颈椎病的重要表现,药物治疗联合松弛肌肉的物理治疗可能减轻继发性疼痛。[14]Salt E, Wright C, Kelly S, Dean A. A systematic literature review on the effectiveness of non-invasive therapy for cervicobrachial pain. Man Ther. 2011 Feb;16(1):53-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075037?tool=bestpractice.com 各种肌松药的临床疗效没有差别。所有药物均可能引起嗜睡,以致影响驾驶或重要活动。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
替扎尼定 : 起始剂量 4 mg,口服,需要时每 6-8 小时一次,然后根据疗效按 2-4 mg/剂的剂量增加,最高为 18 mg/天
或
美索巴莫 : 初始剂量 1500 mg,口服,每日 4 次,持续 2-3 天,然后根据反应减量,常用剂量为 4000-4500 mg/日,分 3-6 次给药
或
地西泮 : 5-10 mg,口服,需要时每 8 小时一次
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
需要时,这些注射通常由放射科医师(在 CT 或者透视监控下)或者疼痛治疗麻醉医师(在透视监控下)实施。[47]Falco FJ, Erhart S, Wargo BW, et al. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2009 Mar-Apr;12(2):323-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19305483?tool=bestpractice.com
通常在使用长效局部麻醉药物时加用长效皮质类固醇制剂。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Mazanec D, Reddy A. Medical management of cervical spondylosis. Neurosurgery. 2007 Jan;60(1 suppl 1):S43-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204885?tool=bestpractice.com
如果经触诊有明确的激痛点、存在关节退行性变或者使用内科治疗[例如物理疗法、非甾体类抗炎药物(除非禁忌使用)、肌肉松弛药物等]无法控制疼痛,在激痛点和/或面关节注射皮质类固醇(使用或不用局部麻醉药物)可能是必要的。
第一选择
地塞米松 : 4 mg,关节内/滑膜内/肌腱鞘内注射,单次
更多 地塞米松通常使用地塞米松磷酸盐。
药物作为神经根痛的一线治疗,目的在于减轻症状。
除 NSAID 外,有两个水平的常见镇痛药物:可待因样阿片类镇痛剂(氢可酮)和吗啡样阿片类镇痛剂(例如羟考酮)。
应总是考虑到阿片类药物过量的潜在成瘾性和危害。
第一选择
布洛芬 : 400-800 mg,口服,需要时每 6-8 小时一次,最大剂量不超过 2400 mg/日
或
萘普生 : 250-500 mg,口服,需要时每日两次,每日最大剂量不超过 1250 mg
或
双氯芬酸钾 : 50 mg(速释型),口服,需要时每日 2-3 次
或
双氯芬酸钠 : 100 mg(缓释型),口服,需要时每日一次
第二选择
对乙酰氨基酚/氢可酮 : 5mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量不超过 60 mg/日
更多 对乙酰氨基酚/氢可酮剂量仅指氢可酮。
或
羟考酮 : 5-10 mg(速释型),口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次;每次10 mg(控释剂),口服,每 12 小时一次
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
所有颈神经根性疼痛的患者日常活动困难时应该接受物理疗法,包括纠正体位、伸展训练以及运动范围主动训练。[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
物理疗法尤其颈部牵引能够帮助扩大因颈椎病所致的椎间孔狭窄。可为神经根提供更大空间,从而降低了神经紧张的严重程度,因此部分减轻神经根性疼痛。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com 推荐牵引方法:5-8 kg(12-18磅),持续 30-45 min,每日数次。
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
由于药物存在全身毒性作用,通常药物使用的总时间限制为 8-10 日,但作为初期治疗,该药有助于减轻神经刺激性症状和神经根性疼痛。[11]Mazanec D, Reddy A. Medical management of cervical spondylosis. Neurosurgery. 2007 Jan;60(1 suppl 1):S43-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204885?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
泼尼松龙 : 60-80mg,口服,每日一次,持续 2-3 天,然后在 10-14 天内逐渐减量至停药
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
取决于初期治疗的时机和结果,为了维持口服皮质类固醇的积极作用,后续更具侵袭性的治疗可能包括硬膜外注射皮质类固醇或者进行可疑节段的神经根阻滞。[23]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Levin JH. Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in interventional spine: what the highest quality literature tells us. Spine J. 2009 Aug;9(8):690-703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789773?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician. 2009 Jan-Feb;12(1):137-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165300?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Diwan S, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, et al. Effectiveness of cervical epidural injections in the management of chronic neck and upper extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012 Jul-Aug;15(4):E405-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828692?tool=bestpractice.com
由放射科医师或疼痛治疗麻醉科医师实施治疗。
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
若疼痛不消退且所有症状、体征以及诊断性检查提示单一神经根受压,神经减压手术对某些患者可能有帮助。[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com
一般根据患者的症状、累及的节段数和颈椎 MRI 扫描所示特定解剖结构,选择颈前路椎间盘切除植骨融合术(anterior cervical discectomy with fusion, ACDF)或后路神经减压术。
通常需要至少 2-3 个月的保守治疗。由于神经根型颈椎病很少出现明显的肌力下降或者神经功能改变,是否行手术减压主要取决于患者主观疼痛感和不适的程度。
另一方法是行颈椎关节成形术,放置人工椎间盘替代移植和骨板,以避免骨融合并保留了运动功能;多项随机研究已经开展,但是这些手术并未在各地常规开展。[60]Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An updated meta-analysis comparing artificial cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Dec;40(23):1816-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571063?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, et al. ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Nov 4;97(21):1738-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537161?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管已开展这些随机研究,但目前尚无明确的证据证实,与前路椎间切除融合术 (ACDF) 相比,关节成形术能更好地缓解上肢根性痛。不过,虽然尚无明确数据表明,关节成形术可预防随着时间推移出现临近节段狭窄,但与 ACDF 相比,关节成形术后二次手术率可能更低。[60]Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An updated meta-analysis comparing artificial cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Dec;40(23):1816-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571063?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, et al. ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Nov 4;97(21):1738-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537161?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Shriver MF, Lubelski D, Sharma AM, et al. Adjacent segment degeneration and disease following cervical arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J. 2016 Feb;16(2):168-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26515401?tool=bestpractice.com
颈前路椎间盘切除术疼痛较轻,但是可能出现吞咽问题。[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[64]Smith-Hammond CA, New K, Pietrobon R, et al. Prospective analysis of incidence and risk factors of dysphagia in spine surgery patients: comparison of anterior cervical, posterior cervical and lumbar procedures. Spine. 2004 Jul 1;29(13):1441-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15223936?tool=bestpractice.com
颈后路椎间盘切除术可能导致颈部疼痛加重,但是通常不发生融合,因而能保留脊柱的运动功能。
对于有中重度症状且很适合手术的患者,手术减压是首选治疗方法,但是两项随机对照试验均未显示手术减压对轻中度脊髓型颈椎病有短期益处。[13]Rao RD, Gourab K, David KS. Operative treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Surg Am. 2006 Jul;88(7):1619-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818991?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Fehlings MG, Tetreault LA, Riew KD, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: recommendations for patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease and nonmyelopathic patients with evidence of cord compression. Global Spine J. 2017 Sep;7(3 suppl):70S-83S.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5684840/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29164035?tool=bestpractice.com[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf对于 DCM 管理,无有帮助的长期有效药物治疗;可短期应用皮质类固醇,例如在可能的手术减压前作为过渡,但是由于存在随时间推移带来的严重副作用,疗程应该短于 2 周。
这种情况下,颈椎退行性变通常较为严重,需要行多节段手术和融合。[13]Rao RD, Gourab K, David KS. Operative treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Surg Am. 2006 Jul;88(7):1619-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818991?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com
手术时通常存在不可逆性功能丧失且无法缓解。因此,考虑手术通常是为了稳定功能而非改善功能。相对于神经根型颈椎病手术,此手术的风险更高,尤其是有可能加重神经系统症状。
尽管目前没有特定证据支持此治疗选择,但是颈椎病全节段手术治疗在某些国家被认为是治疗标准。因此手术减压通常用于有症状的就诊患者,但手术医生之间存在个体化差异。由于存在偏倚及担心推迟手术减压可能导致患者出现不可逆的神经功能恶化,造成开展脊髓型颈椎病的随机手术试验不可能实现。[29]Benatar M. Clinical equipoise and treatment decisions in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007 Feb;34(1):47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352346?tool=bestpractice.com
对于不适合手术治疗的患者,保守治疗是首选治疗方法。在一些国家(但并非所有国家),对轻度慢性症状的患者也采取保守治疗。
在随机临床试验中,实施的保守治疗方法包括硬质颈托制动,对于轻中度脊髓型颈椎病,保守治疗和手术减压显示出同等疗效(1-3 年内)[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com 在 DCM 的管理方面,尚无有帮助的长期药物治疗;可短期应用皮质类固醇,例如在可能的手术减压前作为过渡,但是由于随时间推移存在发生严重副作用的风险,疗程应短于 2 周。
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