治疗路径
有症状的颈椎病患者有 3 种主要的临床综合征:
轴颈痛
神经根型颈椎病 (CSR)
退行性脊髓型颈椎病(degenerative cervical myelopathy, DCM)。
后 2 种综合征可能有重叠,并且都包括不同程度的轴性颈痛。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):527-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com
颈痛可为急性,也可为慢性,可伴有或不伴有由神经根病和/或脊髓病引起的神经系统症状。这是最常见的症状,也是最容易治疗的症状。
关于判断个体治疗对这些临床综合征效果的临床证据往往互相矛盾,主要是由于不同机构实施的随机对照试验质量较差和倾向于多种干预方法联合应用。[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hegmann KT. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM); 2011.
轴颈痛
对急性(<6 周)、非创伤性轴性颈椎痛的一线治疗是物理治疗(包括颈部牵引)。[40]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002 Nov 1;27(21):2383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 28;(1):CD004250.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629215?tool=bestpractice.com 对于轴性颈椎痛的程度,可以通过简单的结局指标进行评估,以决定后续治疗。[32]Cook CE, Richardson JK, Pietrobon R, et al. Validation of the NHANES ADL scale in a sample of patients with report of cervical pain: factor analysis, item response theory analysis, and line item validity. Disabil Rehabil. 2006 Aug 15;28(15):929-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16861200?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002 Nov 1;27(21):2383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 28;(1):CD004250.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629215?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Pietrobon R, Coeytaux RR, Carey TS, et al. Standard scales for the measurement of functional outcome for cervical pain or dysfunction. Spine. 2002 Mar 1;27(5):515-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880837?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006408.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com 目前并不清楚单纯的患者教育是否有助于治疗。[44]Gross A, Forget M, St George K, et al. Patient education for neck pain. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD005106.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005106.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419306?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Furlan AD, Yazdi F, Tsertsvadze A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety of selected complementary and alternative medicine for neck and low-back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011 Nov 24;2012:953139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22203884?tool=bestpractice.com 补充治疗以及其他治疗显示出很轻微的长期疗效。[46]Furlan JC, Kalsi-Ryan S, Kailaya-Vasan A, et al. Functional and clinical outcomes following surgical treatment in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a prospective study of 81 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011 Mar;14(3):348-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21235299?tool=bestpractice.com
根据疼痛的严重程度,加用非甾体抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID)可能对个体患者有益。[39]Hegmann KT. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM); 2011.
如果肌肉痉挛是疼痛的一个特征,肌肉松弛的药物和手法按摩(包括热敷、按摩和颈枕)可能对某些患者有益。[14]Salt E, Wright C, Kelly S, Dean A. A systematic literature review on the effectiveness of non-invasive therapy for cervicobrachial pain. Man Ther. 2011 Feb;16(1):53-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075037?tool=bestpractice.com 加用触发点和/或关节突关节注射和经皮神经电刺激(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator, TENS)也可能有益,但缺乏高质量证据。[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):527-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Mazanec D, Reddy A. Medical management of cervical spondylosis. Neurosurgery. 2007 Jan;60(1 suppl 1):S43-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204885?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006408.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Falco FJ, Erhart S, Wargo BW, et al. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2009 Mar-Apr;12(2):323-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19305483?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Kroeling P, Gross A, Graham N, et al. Electrotherapy for neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 26;(8):CD004251.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979926?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1897-908.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Martimbianco ALC, Porfírio GJ, Pacheco RL, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 12;(12):CD011927.https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011927.pub2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31830313?tool=bestpractice.com
其他的治疗方法包括各种颈椎硬膜外注射、脊椎按摩疗法、针刺疗法以及其他非传统治疗,尤其是电疗、激光治疗和颈椎手法治疗。[14]Salt E, Wright C, Kelly S, Dean A. A systematic literature review on the effectiveness of non-invasive therapy for cervicobrachial pain. Man Ther. 2011 Feb;16(1):53-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075037?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Levin JH. Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in interventional spine: what the highest quality literature tells us. Spine J. 2009 Aug;9(8):690-703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789773?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002 Nov 1;27(21):2383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006408.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Kroeling P, Gross A, Graham N, et al. Electrotherapy for neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 26;(8):CD004251.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979926?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1897-908.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Malone D, Baldwin NG, Tomecek FJ, et al. Complications of cervical spine manipulation therapy: 5-year retrospective study in a single-group practice. Neurosurg Focus. 2002 Dec 15;13(6):ecp1.https://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/foc.2002.13.6.8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15766233?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician. 2009 Jan-Feb;12(1):137-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165300?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Canadian Chiropractic Association; Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Education Boards. Clinical practice guideline for the chiropractic treatment of adults with neck pain. March 2014 [internet publication].[54]Fu LM, Li JT, Wu WS. Randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2009 Feb;15(2):133-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216662?tool=bestpractice.com 这些治疗方法有可能会额外增加了风险,目前的证据并不支持用于轴性颈椎痛的治疗。[51]Malone D, Baldwin NG, Tomecek FJ, et al. Complications of cervical spine manipulation therapy: 5-year retrospective study in a single-group practice. Neurosurg Focus. 2002 Dec 15;13(6):ecp1.https://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/foc.2002.13.6.8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15766233?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Diwan S, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, et al. Effectiveness of cervical epidural injections in the management of chronic neck and upper extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012 Jul-Aug;15(4):E405-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828692?tool=bestpractice.com
所有的治疗均为对症性治疗,目的是减轻患者主诉的特定部分症状,没有一种方法能对潜在性颈椎病起作用或者影响颈椎退行性疾病的长期性质。很少有治疗方法能够使疗效维持在 6 周以上。[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):527-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有慢性疼痛(>6 周)的患者,如果对症治疗能够改善患者的不适症状,则可通过继续使用对症治疗来进行管理。对于轴性颈痛,正开始考虑是否行颈椎关节成形术,但这种治疗方法尚未获得美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration)等组织批准作为单纯轴性颈痛的治疗方法。[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Burkus JK, Haid RW, Traynelis VC, et al. Long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of cervical disc replacement with the Prestige disc: results from a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010 Sep;13(3):308-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809722?tool=bestpractice.com 临床医生应该向当地管理机构咨询这种治疗方法的适应证。总的来说,手术对治疗颈部疼痛无帮助,但是相关证据质量低。[57]van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Ostelo R, et al. Surgery versus conservative care for neck pain: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2013 Jan;22(1):87-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23104514?tool=bestpractice.com
神经根型颈椎病
上肢放射痛可能较为严重,而且初期可以通过口服止痛药物联合物理疗法和颈椎牵引进行处理。[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):527-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com NSAID 通常用作一线治疗药物,如果患者的疼痛仍然无法控制,则升级为使用阿片类药物。口服类固醇治疗可能对个体患者有益。[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com 由于患者起初有严重疼痛,建议在初期将这些方法结合,以限制对神经的刺激。[24]Bono CM, Ghiselli G, Gilbert TJ, et al; North American Spine Society. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. Spine J. 2011 Jan;11(1):64-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168100?tool=bestpractice.com
为了保持口服皮质类固醇的积极作用,后续更具侵入性的治疗方式可能包含相应节段硬膜外皮质类固醇注射或颈神经根阻滞,这主要取决于初始治疗的时机和结局。[23]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Levin JH. Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in interventional spine: what the highest quality literature tells us. Spine J. 2009 Aug;9(8):690-703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789773?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician. 2009 Jan-Feb;12(1):137-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165300?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Diwan S, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, et al. Effectiveness of cervical epidural injections in the management of chronic neck and upper extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012 Jul-Aug;15(4):E405-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828692?tool=bestpractice.com
在大多数患者(大约 75%)中,严重的上肢痛在 4-6 周时可能自行减轻。疼痛最终通过保守治疗缓解,但是完全消失可能需要 1-2 年。[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Persson LC, Lilja A. Pain, coping, emotional state and physical function in patients with chronic radicular neck pain. Disabil Rehabil. 2001 May 20;23(8):325-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11374522?tool=bestpractice.com
如果疼痛不能缓解,而且所有症状、体征以及诊断性检查均提示单一神经根受压,那么行手术减压可能有效。[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf
神经减压的手术方法有多种。一般根据患者的症状、累及的节段数以及颈椎 MRI 扫描所示特定解剖结构,选择颈前路椎间盘切除植骨融合术(anterior cervical discectomy with fusion, ACDF)或后路神经减压术。通常需要至少 2-3 个月的保守治疗。由于明显的无力或神经系统改变很少与神经根型颈椎病相关,是否考虑手术减压主要依据患者主观感受到的疼痛程度和不适的严重性。
另一方法是行颈椎关节成形术,放置人工椎间盘替代移植和骨板,以避免骨融合并保留了运动功能;多项随机研究已经开展,但是这些手术并未在各地常规开展。[60]Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An updated meta-analysis comparing artificial cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Dec;40(23):1816-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571063?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, et al. ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Nov 4;97(21):1738-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537161?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管已开展这些随机研究,但目前尚无明确的证据证实,与前路椎间切除融合术 (ACDF) 相比,关节成形术能更好地缓解上肢根性痛。不过,虽然尚无明确数据表明,关节成形术可预防随着时间推移出现临近节段狭窄,但与 ACDF 相比,关节成形术后二次手术率可能更低。[60]Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An updated meta-analysis comparing artificial cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Dec;40(23):1816-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571063?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, et al. ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Nov 4;97(21):1738-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537161?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Shriver MF, Lubelski D, Sharma AM, et al. Adjacent segment degeneration and disease following cervical arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J. 2016 Feb;16(2):168-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26515401?tool=bestpractice.com
退行性脊髓型颈椎病
对于有中重度症状且很适合手术的患者,手术减压是首选的一线紧急治疗方法,但是两项 RCT 均未显示手术减压对轻中度脊髓型颈椎病有短期益处。[13]Rao RD, Gourab K, David KS. Operative treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Surg Am. 2006 Jul;88(7):1619-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818991?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Fehlings MG, Tetreault LA, Riew KD, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: recommendations for patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease and nonmyelopathic patients with evidence of cord compression. Global Spine J. 2017 Sep;7(3 suppl):70S-83S.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5684840/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29164035?tool=bestpractice.com
对于严重基础退行性关节病(degenerative joint disease, DJD),充分治疗通常需要进行节段的融合或固定,从而使颈椎关节活动度丧失。[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf 采用前路手术中,邻近节段可随时间推荐进展至退行性关节病,导致邻近节段狭窄。采用后路手术可能导致颈椎不稳定(仅椎板切除)或者颈椎活动度近乎完全消失(需要典型的广泛后路融合)。而且,减压手术仅仅是稳定了脊髓功能(症状仅有轻微改善),因为通常在手术时已经存在脊髓的永久性损伤。因此治疗趋势是早期手术,或者在无症状时行手术治疗,患者有更多恢复正常功能的机会。[10]Matz PG. Does nonoperative management play a role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Spine J. 2006 Nov-Dec;6(6 suppl):175S-81S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097536?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Benatar M. Clinical equipoise and treatment decisions in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007 Feb;34(1):47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352346?tool=bestpractice.com[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf
保守治疗包括用硬质颈托固定。[10]Matz PG. Does nonoperative management play a role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Spine J. 2006 Nov-Dec;6(6 suppl):175S-81S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097536?tool=bestpractice.com 硬质颈托固定可作为非手术适应证患者的首选治疗。在一些国家(但并非所有国家),对于轻度慢性症状的患者也采取保守治疗。这种保守治疗方法在治疗轻中度脊髓型颈椎病(1-3年)已经显示出与手术减压同样的疗效。[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com
对于退行性脊髓型颈椎病的管理,尚无有帮助的长期药物治疗;短期应用皮质类固醇可作为拟行手术减压前的过渡治疗,但是由于其不良反应,疗程应 <2 周。
在前瞻性多中心研究的支持下,在某些国家,对于脊髓型颈椎病,考虑将全节段水平手术治疗作为标准治疗方法。[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf[63]Fehlings MG, Wilson JR, Kopjar B, et al. Efficacy and safety of surgical decompression in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: results of the AOSpine North America prospective multi-center study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Sep 18;95(18):1651-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24048552?tool=bestpractice.com 因此手术减压通常用于有症状就诊的患者,但手术医生之间存在个体差异。由于存在偏倚以及担心推迟手术减压可能导致患者出现不可逆的神经功能恶化,因此对于脊髓型颈椎病,不可能开展任何形式的随机外科对照试验。[29]Benatar M. Clinical equipoise and treatment decisions in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007 Feb;34(1):47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352346?tool=bestpractice.com
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