人际间传播通过接触感染者的体液(例如汗液、血液、粪便、呕吐物、唾液、生殖器分泌物 [包括精液] 羊水和母乳)或感染体液污染物品而发生。[42]Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, et al. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179 Suppl 1:S87-91.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/Supplement_1/S87.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988169?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Bausch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, et al. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196 Suppl 2:S142-7.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/196/Supplement_2/S142.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940942?tool=bestpractice.com 在更严重或晚期感染患者中,这些体液中的病毒水平特别高。感染后潜伏期为 2-21 日。[2]World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. Apr 2023 [internet publication].https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease 在儿童中的潜伏期可能更短。[74]WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola virus disease among children in West Africa. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 26;372(13):1274-7.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1415318http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806936?tool=bestpractice.com
如果在未佩戴适当防护设备的情况下暴露于感染患者的体液,则接触者(包括医疗保健工作人员和家庭接触者)存在感染风险。如果感染患者出现活动性腹泻、呕吐或出血,则感染患者的家庭接触者存在更高的感染风险。[42]Dowell SF, Mukunu R, Ksiazek TG, et al. Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179 Suppl 1:S87-91.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/Supplement_1/S87.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988169?tool=bestpractice.com
体液在患者死亡后仍然具有传染性。因此,许多感染病例发生在非洲的传统丧葬仪式上(送葬者会抚摸死者的尸体)。[75]Nielsen CF, Kidd S, Sillah AR, et al. Improving burial practices and cemetery management during an Ebola virus disease epidemic - Sierra Leone, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Jan 16;64(1):20-7.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6401a6.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25590682?tool=bestpractice.com 社区中的超级传播事件也日益被视为一种促进因素:2015 年塞拉利昂一位传统治疗师的葬礼就与 300 例感染相关。[46]World Health Organization. Sierra Leone: a traditional healer and a funeral. 2015 [internet publication].https://www.who.int/news/item/01-09-2015-sierra-leone-a-traditional-healer-and-a-funeral 一项研究显示,在 2014 年暴发中,超级传播者造成约 61% 的感染。[47]Lau MS, Dalziel BD, Funk S, et al. Spatial and temporal dynamics of superspreading events in the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola epidemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Feb 28;114(9):2337-42.https://www.pnas.org/content/114/9/2337.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193880?tool=bestpractice.com
关于活动性感染期间发生性传播已有报道。在感染痊愈 12 个月后,仍可在精液中检测到该病毒,这可能是由于睾丸组织是一个免疫保护部位。[50]World Health Organization. Clinical care for survivors of Ebola virus disease: interim guidance. April 2016 [internet publication].https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204235 这意味着在感染痊愈以后,性传播风险可能存在很长时间,[43]Bausch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, et al. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196 Suppl 2:S142-7.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/196/Supplement_2/S142.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940942?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Emond RT, Evans B, Bowen ET, et al. A case of Ebola virus infection. Br Med J. 11977 Aug 27;2(6086):541-4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1631428/pdf/brmedj00478-0011.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/890413?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Rowe AK, Bertolli J, Khan AS, et al. Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179 Suppl 1:S28-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988162?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Rogstad KE, Tunbridge A. Ebola virus as sexually transmitted infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015 Feb;28(1):83-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25501666?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Sonnenberg P, Field P. Sexual and mother-to-child transmission of Ebola virus in the post-convalescent period. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Mar 15;60(6):974-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25501984?tool=bestpractice.com 此类病例在 2014 年疫情暴发期间得到证实。[53]Mate SE, Kugelman JR, Nyenswah TG, et al. Molecular evidence of sexual transmission of Ebola virus. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 17;373(25):2448-54.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1509773#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26465384?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Crozier I. Ebola virus RNA in the semen of male survivors of Ebola virus disease: the uncertain gravitas of a privileged persistence. J Infect Dis. 2016 Nov 15;214(10):1467-9.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/05/03/infdis.jiw079.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27142203?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Thorson A, Formenty P, Lofthouse C, et al. Systematic review of the literature on viral persistence and sexual transmission from recovered Ebola survivors: evidence and recommendations. BMJ Open. 2016 Jan 7;6(1):e008859.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/1/e008859http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26743699?tool=bestpractice.com