病史
病史#1
一名 35 岁男子因腹泻、呕吐和发热持续 3 天,被带至刚果民主共和国的一家埃博拉病毒筛查中心进行筛查。他称 2 周前参加了一名死于埃博拉病毒感染护士的葬礼。24 小时前出现吞咽困难和呃逆,但在此之前进食正常。他无出血症状。检查结果显示他有轻度结膜出血、躯干部见一淡色斑丘疹、轻度上腹部压痛和肝肿大。入院时生命体征如下:体温 38.3 ℃、心率 100 次/分、血压 115/62 mmHg、呼吸频率 25 次/分,血氧饱和度 99%。病史#2
一名曾在 DRC 一所埃博拉病毒感染治疗中心工作的 37 岁医生于 3 天前返回英国。她出现发热(约持续 12 个小时)、头痛和肌痛症状。她称 10 天前在埃博拉病毒感染治疗中心内打开一个药瓶时被割伤。她还称停留期间,服用了阿托伐醌/氯胍预防疟疾。除发现数处遭蚊虫叮咬外,检查结果未见其他异常。生命体征如下:体温 39.0 ℃、心率 110 次/分、血压 120/75 mmHg、呼吸频率 25 次/分,血氧饱和度 99%。其他表现
最终死于埃博拉病毒感染的患者往往会在感染早期出现临床体征,并且通常会在感染后的 6-16 天内死亡(由于休克和多器官衰竭)。[4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com[13]McElroy AK, Erickson BR, Flietstra TD, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: novel biomarker correlates of clinical outcome. J Infect Dis. 2014 Aug 15;210(4):558-66.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/210/4/558.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24526742?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Mahanty S, Bray M. Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004 Aug;4(8):487-98.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(04)01103-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15288821?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Yan T, Mu J, Qin E, et al. Clinical characteristics of 154 patients suspected of having Ebola disease in the Ebola holding centre of Jui government hospital in Sierra Leone during the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Oct;34(10):2089-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223324?tool=bestpractice.com
在既往暴发期间,30%-36% 的感染患者有出血表现(如鼻衄、牙龈出血、咯血、易发瘀斑、结膜出血、血尿、注射或静脉穿刺部位渗血); 但在 2014 年暴发中,仅 5%-18% 的患者报告有出血表现。[8]Barrette RW, Metwally SA, Rowland JM, et al. Discovery of swine as a host for the Reston ebolavirus. Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):204-6.https://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5937/204.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590002?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;204 Suppl 3:S810-6.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. J Infect Dis. 1999 Feb;179 Suppl 1:S1-7.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/179/Supplement_1/S1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988155?tool=bestpractice.com[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Dallatomasinas S, Crestani R, Squire JS, et al. Ebola outbreak in rural West Africa: epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes. Trop Med Int Health. 2015 Apr;20(4):448-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25565430?tool=bestpractice.com 大量出血通常仅见于致死病例,通常发生在胃肠道(例如血性腹泻和黑便)。[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;204 Suppl 3:S810-6.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Bah EI, Lamah MC, Fletcher T, et al. Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 1;372(1):40-7.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411249#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372658?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Chertow DS, Kleine C, Edwards JK, et al. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - clinical manifestations and management. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 27;371(22):2054-7.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1413084http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372854?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, et al; KGH Lassa Fever Program; Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium; WHO Clinical Response Team. Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 27;371(22):2092-100.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411680#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353969?tool=bestpractice.com 如果无外部体征,内出血可能会被漏诊。
提示重度感染或晚期感染的其他体征包括呃逆、低血压、心动过速、肝肿大、脾肿大、意识模糊和癫痫发作。
多达一半的患者会出现斑丘疹,在有凝血障碍的患者中,它有可能进展为紫癜样斑丘疹或瘀斑样斑丘疹。[16]Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;204 Suppl 3:S810-6.https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S810.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987756?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Nkoghe D, Leroy EM, Toung-Mve M, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of filovirus infections. Int J Dermatol. 2012 Sep;51(9):1037-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909355?tool=bestpractice.com
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